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  2. Discounting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounting

    The discount factor, DF(T), is the factor by which a future cash flow must be multiplied in order to obtain the present value. For a zero-rate (also called spot rate) r, taken from a yield curve, and a time to cash flow T (in years), the discount factor is: = (+).

  3. Stochastic discount factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_discount_factor

    The concept of the stochastic discount factor (SDF) is used in financial economics and mathematical finance. The name derives from the price of an asset being computable by "discounting" the future cash flow x ~ i {\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}_{i}} by the stochastic factor m ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {m}}} , and then taking the expectation. [ 1 ]

  4. Discounted utility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_utility

    The utility of an event x occurring at future time t under utility function u, discounted back to the present (time 0) using discount factor β, is (). Since more distant events are less liked, 0 < β < 1.

  5. Actuarial notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_notation

    This present value factor, or discount factor, is used to determine the amount of money that must be invested now in order to have a given amount of money in the future. For example, if you need 1 in one year, then the amount of money you should invest now is: 1 × v {\displaystyle \,1\times v} .

  6. What is a factor rate and how to calculate it - AOL

    www.aol.com/finance/factor-rate-calculate...

    Factor rates typically range from 1.10 to 1.50 and only apply to the original amount of money borrowed. It’s a fixed cost that doesn’t change throughout the life of the loan, unlike a variable ...

  7. Valuation using discounted cash flows - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_using_discounted...

    Forward Discount Rate 60% 40% 30% 25% 20% Discount Factor 0.625 0.446 0.343 0.275 0.229 Discounted Cash Flow (22) (10) 3 28 42 This gives a total value of 41 for the first five years' cash flows. MedICT has chosen the perpetuity growth model to calculate the value of cash flows beyond the forecast period.

  8. Q-learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-learning

    The discount factor ⁠ ⁠ determines the importance of future rewards. A factor of 0 will make the agent "myopic" (or short-sighted) by only considering current rewards, i.e. (in the update rule above), while a factor approaching 1 will make it strive for a long-term high reward. If the discount factor meets or exceeds 1, the action values ...

  9. Exponential discounting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_discounting

    Therefore, the preferences at t = 1 is preserved at t = 2; thus, the exponential discount function demonstrates dynamically consistent preferences over time. For its simplicity, the exponential discounting assumption is the most commonly used in economics. However, alternatives like hyperbolic discounting have more empirical support.