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Metastatic breast cancer, also referred to as metastases [vague], advanced breast cancer, secondary tumors, secondaries or stage IV breast cancer, is a stage of breast cancer in which malignant cells arising from breast tissue have spread to distant sites beyond the axillary lymph nodes.
A cancer syndrome or family cancer syndrome is a genetic disorder in which inherited genetic mutations in one or more genes predisposes the affected individuals to the development of cancers and may also cause the early onset of these cancers. Although cancer syndromes exhibit an increased risk of cancer, the risk varies.
The WHO Classification of Tumours series, more commonly known as the WHO Blue Books, published by the WHO's IARC, is a series of books that classify tumours according to principally its location and histopathology. [2][3] They are compiled by expert consensus, teams of specialists at the International Agency for Research on Cancer, who summarize information from literature. [1] Terms included ...
Jaime Alfonso Escalante Gutiérrez (December 31, 1930 – March 30, 2010) was a Bolivian -American educator known for teaching students calculus from 1974 to 1991 at Garfield High School in East Los Angeles. Escalante was the subject of the 1988 film Stand and Deliver, in which he is portrayed by Edward James Olmos.
Fibrocystic breast changes is a condition of the breasts where there may be pain, breast cysts, and breast masses. [1] The breasts may be described as "lumpy" or "doughy". [3] Symptoms may worsen during certain parts of the menstrual cycle due to hormonal stimulation. [1] These are normal breast changes, not associated with cancer. [2] Risk factors include an early age at first menstrual ...
Georgios Nikolaou Papanikolaou (or George Papanicolaou / ˌpæpəˈnɪkəlaʊ /; Greek: Γεώργιος Ν. Παπανικολάου [papanikoˈlau]; 13 May 1883 – 19 February 1962) was a Greek physician, zoologist and microscopist who was a pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection, and inventor of the pap smear for detection of cervical cancer. After studying medicine in Greece ...
The majority of PanNETs are benign, while some are malignant. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification scheme places neuroendocrine tumors into three main categories, which emphasize the tumor grade rather than the anatomical origin. [3] In practice, those tumors termed well or intermediately differentiated PanNETs in the WHO scheme are sometimes called " islet cell tumors". The high ...
Squamous cell carcinoma occluding bronchus, with lymph node metastasis Carcinoma is a malignancy that develops from epithelial cells. [1] Specifically, a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that arises from cells originating in the endodermal, mesodermal [2] or ectodermal germ layer during embryogenesis. [3] Carcinomas occur ...