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  2. Structural unemployment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment

    Structural unemployment is a form of involuntary unemployment caused by a mismatch between the skills that workers in the economy can offer, and the skills demanded of workers by employers (also known as the skills gap). Structural unemployment is often brought about by technological changes that make the job skills of many workers obsolete.

  3. Shapiro–Stiglitz theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro–Stiglitz_theory

    In labour economics, Shapiro–Stiglitz theory of efficiency wages (or Shapiro–Stiglitz efficiency wage model) [1] is an economic theory of wages and unemployment in labour market equilibrium. It provides a technical description of why wages are unlikely to fall and how involuntary unemployment appears.

  4. Technological unemployment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_unemployment

    The term technological unemployment is used to describe the loss of jobs caused by technological change. [1] [2] [3] It is a key type of structural unemployment.Technological change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving "mechanical-muscle" machines or more efficient "mechanical-mind" processes (), and humans' role in these processes are minimized. [4]

  5. Educational inequality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_inequality

    The government of Sudan recognizes education as a right for every citizen and guarantees access to free basic education, The educational structure of the Republic of Sudan consists of the pre-primary, primary, secondary, and higher education, The Sudanese education system includes more than 3.646 schools run by public, private, and religious ...

  6. Open market operation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_market_operation

    In macroeconomics, an open market operation (OMO) is an activity by a central bank to exchange liquidity in its currency with a bank or a group of banks. The central bank can either transact government bonds and other financial assets in the open market or enter into a repurchase agreement or secured lending transaction with a commercial bank.

  7. Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief...

    The Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 (Pub. L. 112–96 (text), H.R. 3630, 126 Stat. 156, enacted February 22, 2012), also known as the "payroll tax cut", was an Act of the United States Congress.

  8. Efficiency wage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_wage

    In labor economics, an efficiency wage is a wage paid in excess of the market-clearing wage to increase the labor productivity of workers. [1] Specifically, it points to the incentive for managers to pay their employees more than the market-clearing wage to increase their productivity or to reduce the costs associated with employee turnover.

  9. Federal Unemployment Tax Act - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Unemployment_Tax_Act

    The Federal Unemployment Tax Act (or FUTA, I.R.C. ch. 23) is a United States federal law that imposes a federal employer tax used to help fund state workforce agencies. . Employers report this tax by filing Internal Revenue Service Form 940 an