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A Caesar cipher is a simple encryption technique that shifts each letter in the plaintext by a fixed number of positions in the alphabet. Learn about its history, usage, examples, and variations, such as the Vigenère cipher and the ROT13 system.
The Enigma machine was a cipher device used by Nazi Germany and other countries to protect secret messages. Learn how it worked, how it was broken by Poland, France, and Britain, and how it influenced World War II.
Learn how the Allies broke the Enigma cipher machine used by the Axis powers in World War II, using mathematical and technological methods. Explore the history, structure, and principles of the Enigma cipher system and its decryption techniques.
Learn about the history, variations and insecurity of the pigpen cipher, a geometric simple substitution cipher that uses symbols in a grid. The cipher is also known as the masonic cipher, Rosicrucian cipher, Napoleon cipher and tic-tac-toe cipher.
A cipher is an algorithm for converting information into code or ciphertext, which can be decrypted with a key. Learn about the origin, evolution and classification of ciphers, from ancient to modern methods, and their applications in cryptography.
A substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, using a key. A monoalphabetic cipher uses fixed substitution over the entire message, while a polyalphabetic cipher uses multiple substitutions at different positions.
Cryptanalysis is the process of analyzing information systems to understand hidden aspects and breach cryptographic security. Learn about the different types of cryptographic attacks, the resources and results they require, and the historical examples of cryptanalysis.
For a decade, codebreakers have tried—and failed—to solve the case of the crumpled paper that was found stuffed in a secret pocket under the bustle and inside the seams of a silk dress from ...