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A Caesar cipher is a simple encryption technique that shifts each letter in the plaintext by a fixed number of positions in the alphabet. Learn about its history, usage, examples, and variations, such as the Vigenère cipher and the ROT13 system.
The Beale ciphers are three encrypted messages allegedly left by Thomas J. Beale, who buried a fortune of gold, silver and jewels in Virginia in 1820. Only one cipher has been solved, and the story is doubted by many as a fiction by James B. Ward, a Freemason.
Learn how to distribute a secret among a group using polynomial interpolation and information-theoretic security. See examples, applications, properties, weaknesses and history of this algorithm.
Learn about the history, variations and insecurity of the pigpen cipher, a geometric simple substitution cipher that uses symbols in a grid. The cipher is also known as the masonic cipher, Rosicrucian cipher, Napoleon cipher and tic-tac-toe cipher.
A cipher is an algorithm for converting information into code or ciphertext, which can be decrypted with a key. Learn about the origin, evolution and classification of ciphers, from ancient to modern methods, and their applications in cryptography.
Bulls and cows is a code-breaking game for two or more players, using numbers or words. Learn the rules, history, variations and strategies of this popular puzzle game.
Many people solve such ciphers for recreation, as with cryptogram puzzles in the newspaper. According to the unicity distance of English, 27.6 letters of ciphertext are required to crack a mixed alphabet simple substitution. In practice, typically about 50 letters are needed, although some messages can be broken with fewer if unusual patterns ...
For a decade, codebreakers have tried—and failed—to solve the case of the crumpled paper that was found stuffed in a secret pocket under the bustle and inside the seams of a silk dress from ...