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Learn about the history and uses of random number tables, which are generated by various methods and tested for statistical randomness. Find out how they differ from cryptographic random numbers and how they are accessed by computers.
However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators. These include: Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4. Block ciphers in counter mode.
A lucky number is a natural number that survives a certain sieve based on its position in the remaining set. Learn how to generate lucky numbers, their relation to primes and other sets of numbers, and their applications in number theory.
RSA numbers are large numbers with two prime factors that were part of a cryptographic challenge created by RSA Laboratories. The smallest RSA number, RSA-100, was factored in 1991, while the largest, RSA-617, remains unfactored as of 2020.
A pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) is an algorithm that produces a sequence of numbers that resemble random numbers, but are completely determined by an initial value. Learn about the properties, applications, and potential issues of PRNGs, as well as the difference between PRNGs and cryptographically secure PRNGs (CSPRNGs).
Benford's law is an observation that in many real-life sets of numerical data, the leading digit is likely to be small. Learn about the definition, applications, examples, and exceptions of this law, also known as the law of anomalous numbers or the first-digit law.
A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. This web page lists the first 1000 primes, followed by lists of notable types of prime numbers in alphabetical order.
A comprehensive overview of different writing systems for expressing numbers, with examples, names, bases, and approximate dates of origin. Learn about the history and features of various numeral systems, such as Roman, Indian, Chinese, and Arabic.